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Longing for the Island / Añorando la isla

At the conclusion of the overall resettlement efforts, 9,729 Cuban refugees had been sponsored out of Fort McCoy and 3,234 remained in the camp. These refugees were considered “hard cases” and were sent to Fort Chaffee, in Arkansas, where a total of 5771 unplaced Mariel refugees from the rest of the camps were consolidated. A number of Cubans went directly to federal correctional institutions in Georgia and health facilities in Massachusetts. 

Al concluir las actividades generales de reubicación, 9.729 refugiados cubanos habían sido patrocinados fuera de Fort McCoy y 3.234 permanecían en el campamento. Estos refugiados fueron considerados “casos difíciles” y fueron enviados a Fort Chaffee, en Arkansas, donde se concentró a un total de 5.771 migrantes del Mariel que no habían sido ubicados en el resto de los campamentos. Varios cubanos fueron directamente a instituciones correccionales federales en Georgia y a centros de salud mental en Massachusetts. 

Image courtesy of Wisconsin Public Radio. Photograph by Angela C. Major.

The 1980 Mariel Exodus Refugee Camp Program transformed the Cuban American community. During their detention, Cuban migrants were faced with the reality of a new racial identity in the U. S. which also was framed by their criminalization and left them with no cushion against social discrimination during their later resettlement in the Midwest. Through their shared experience at the camps, however, this group forged a collective identity of political exile which allowed them to mourn the cultural loss created by their abrupt displacement.

El programa de campamentos de refugiados del Mariel transformó a la comunidad cubanoamericana. Durante su detención, los emigrantes cubanos se enfrentaron a la realidad de una nueva identidad racial en los Estados Unidos, enmarcada por su criminalización, que los dejó sin protección contra la discriminación social durante su posterior asentamiento en comunidades mayormente angloparlantes. Sin embargo, a través de su experiencia compartida en los campamentos, este grupo de migrantes forjó una identidad colectiva de exilio político que también les permitió procesar la pérdida cultural de su abrupto desarraigo.

Image courtesy of Wisconsin Public Radio. Photograph by Angela C. Major.

Today, 44 years after the Mariel exodus and the closing of the camp at Fort McCoy, most Cubans living in the La Crosse are stuck in immigration limbo. They are not eligible to apply for Permanent Resident or U.S Citizenship status due to criminal records dating from the 1980’s. They have struggled to integrate into American society, working low-paying jobs. In Wisconsin, they can get a State ID card or a driver’s license but apply for a costly work permit every two years. Now in their mid-sixties, this refugee population sees their healthcare needs increase but they continue to face challenges to obtain social and medical benefits due to their immigration status.

Hoy, 44 años después del éxodo Mariel y el cierre del campamento en Fort McCoy, la mayoría de los Cubanos que viven en La Crosse están atrapados en un limbo migratorio. No se les permite solicitar el estatus de Residente Permanente o la ciudadanía de los Estados Unidos debido a antecedentes penales que datan de la década de 1980. Ellos han luchado para integrarse en la sociedad estadounidense, trabajando en empleos mal pagados. En Wisconsin, pueden obtener una tarjeta de identificación o una licencia de conducir, pero deben solicitar un costoso permiso de trabajo cada dos años. Ahora ya en sus sesentas, esta población de refugiados ve aumentar sus necesidades de atención médica, pero siguen teniendo dificultades para acceder beneficios sociales y médicos,  debido a su estatus migratorio.

Image courtesy of Wisconsin Public Radio. Photograph by Maureen McCollum.

 Mariel Cubans in Wisconsin carry stigma of criminality. They have been the long-term victims of the traumatic Cold War scenarios of Mariel. They have been victims of discriminatory policies by the Cuban state, the U.S government, and the racism of the Cuban American community. They are living examples of the systemic disparities imbedded in the U.S Immigration and U.S Criminal Justice systems. Even after they have served the disproportionate prison sentences they received during the 1980s, today they must continue their precarious journey through immigration limbo. Many have lived in the US longer than they lived in Cuba, paying their taxes. Still, they are not eligible to apply for Permanent Resident or U.S Citizenship status. This means, above all, that unless they are granted a federal pardon, these Cubans will never be able to travel outside the U.S. to visit their beloved Cuba ever again.

Los cubanos del Mariel en Wisconsin cargan con el estigma de la criminalidad. Han sido víctimas durante mucho tiempo de los traumáticos escenarios de la Guerra Fría. Han sido víctimas de políticas discriminatorias por parte del Estado cubano, el gobierno de Estados Unidos y el racismo de la comunidad cubanoamericana. Son ejemplos vivos de las disparidades sistémicas arraigadas en los sistemas de inmigración y justicia penal de Estados Unidos. Incluso después de haber cumplido las desproporcionadas sentencias de prisión que recibieron durante la década de 1980, hoy deben continuar su precario viaje a través de un limbo migratorio. Muchos han vivido en Estados Unidos más tiempo del que vivieron en Cuba, pagando sus impuestos. Aún así, no son elegibles para solicitar el estatus de Residente Permanente o la Ciudadanía Estadounidense. Esto significa, sobre todo, que a menos que se les conceda un perdón federal, estos cubanos nunca más podrán viajar fuera de Estados Unidos para visitar a su amada Cuba.

Image courtesy of Wisconsin Public Radio. Photograph by Angela C. Major.
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