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Mariel in the Media / El Mariel en la prensa

Detention and Uncertainty / Detención e incertidumbre

The creation of the Mariel exodus processing and resettlement centers has been seen by recent scholarship as foundational step towards the militarization of immigration detention in the U.S. The federal government set up the Mariel camps in military facilities in Arkansas, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin considering the emergency confinement for Cubans, but also had visible plans to establish longer-term militarized detention facilities in order to contain future mass migrations. The search for these military locations particularly underscored remoteness as key criteria with the intention to deter migrants, particularly from Latin America.

La creación de los centros de procesamiento y asentamiento durante el éxodo de Mariel ha sido estudiada recientemente como un paso fundamental hacia la militarización de las políticas de inmigración en los EE. UU. El gobierno federal estableció los campamentos de Mariel en unidades militares en Arkansas, Pennsylvania y Wisconsin, considerando tanto el confinamiento de emergencia para los cubanos, como sus propios planes  para establecer instalaciones de detención militarizadas a largo plazo que pudieran contener futuras migraciones masivas. La búsqueda de estas ubicaciones militares subrayó, particularmente, la lejanía como un criterio clave con el objetivo de desalentar migrantes de América Latina.

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Despite the known fact that many Cubans were fleeing political prosecution in Cuba, the U.S. government did not grant them immediate refugee status. The Carter administration feared that granting automatic political refugee status to Cuban migrants would encourage similar mass migrations from other countries in the region. The U.S. Refugee Act of 1980 had come into effect just two months before Mariel started, on March 17,1980, and the language included in the act should have granted refugee status to the Cubans. However, the annual limit of immigrants specified by the Act (only 5,000) was not enough for Mariel numbers. The Carter Administration then argued that most Mariel refugees were not in an emergency refugee situation or enduring persecution in Cuba and were instead motivated to migrate for economic reasons.

A pesar de tener la certeza de que los cubanos huían de la persecución política en Cuba, el gobierno de Estados Unidos no les concedió inmediatamente el estatus de refugiado. La administración Carter temía que otorgar automáticamente el estatus  de refugiado político a los migrantes cubanos del Mariel alentara migraciones masivas similares desde otros países de la región. La ley de refugiados de los EE. UU. de 1980 había entrado en vigencia solo dos meses antes de que comenzaran los eventos del Mariel, el 17 de marzo de 1980, y el lenguaje incluido en esa ley debía otorgar el estatus de refugiado a los cubanos. Sin embargo, el límite anual de inmigrantes cubanos especificado por la Ley (solo 5.000) no era suficiente para las cifras del Mariel. El gobierno de Carter argumentó entonces que la mayoría de los migrantes de Mariel no se encontraban en una situación de emergencia de refugiados ni sufrían persecución en Cuba, sino que estaban motivados a migrar por razones económicas.

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Rather than designating this group as parolees or as refugees, the U.S. government created the legal category of “Cuban/Haitian entrant (status pending).” Congress passed legislation granting Cuban "entrants" the same state benefits as refugees. However, the “entrant” designation made it much easier for the U.S. government to begin exclusion proceedings, as it could deport migrants who had been admitted physically, but not legally, into the country. As "entrants,"  Mariel migrants needed to be paroled out of the resettlement camps under an American sponsor in order to legally enter the U.S., even when physically they had been already on U.S. soil. As a result of the "entrant" designation, Cubans were to remain under military surveillance in these four military facilities.The situation caused  great anxiety and frustration for Mariel migrants, as their dreams of freedom and opportunity in the U.S clashed with their indefinite military containment. 

 En lugar de designar a este grupo como "admitidos" o refugiados, el gobierno de Estados Unidos creó la categoría legal de “entrante cubano/haitiano (estatus pendiente)”. El Congreso pronto aprobó una ley que otorgaba a los entrantes cubanos los mismos beneficios estatales que a los refugiados. Sin embargo, la designación de “entrante” todavía facilitaba que el gobierno iniciara procedimientos de exclusión mediante los cuales podía deportar a migrantes que habían sido admitidos físicamente, pero no legalmente, en el país. Como "entrantes" los migrantes cubanos necesitaban salir de los campamentos bajo la tutela de un patrocinador estadounidense para poder ingresar legalmente a Estados Unidos, incluso cuando físicamente ya habían estado en suelo estadounidense. Como resultado de su designación como "entrantes", los cubanos debían permanecer bajo vigilancia militar en estas cuatro instalaciones militares. La situación causó gran ansiedad y frustración para los migrantes del Mariel, ya que sus sueños de libertad y oportunidades en Estados Unidos se convertían en su contención militar indefinida.

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A Brief History of Fort McCoy / Breve historia de Fort McCoy
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