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Longing for the Island / Añorando la isla

At the conclusion of the overall resettlement efforts of the Cuban-Haitian immigration Task Force, 9,729 Cuban refugees had been sponsored out of Fort McCoy and 3,234 remained in the camp. These refugees were considered “hard cases” and were sent to Fort Chaffee, where a total of 5771 unplaced marielitos from Eglin Air Force, Fort Indiantown Gap and Fort Chafee were consolidated. A number of Cubans went directly to federal correctional institutions in Georgia and health facilities in Massachusetts. Fort Chaffee stayed opened until February 1982, and when it finally closed down, the last 395 remaining refugees were sent to the Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta and to federal psychiatric facilities across the U.S. In October 1980, after the political fallout of Carter’s reelection campaign in Florida, the Carter Administration reversed the use of the “entrant-status pending” category in favor of the Fascell-Stone Amendment to the Refugee Education Assistance Act of 1980, but by that time the damage the Mariel generation had already been done.

Al concluir las actividades generales de reasentamiento del gobierno federal, 9.729 refugiados cubanos habían sido patrocinados de Fort McCoy y 3.234 permanecían en el campamento. Estos refugiados fueron considerados “casos difíciles” y fueron enviados a Fort Chaffee, donde se concentró a un total de 5.771 marielitos no ubicados de Eglin, Fort Indiantown Gap y Fort Chafee. Varios cubanos fueron directamente a instituciones correccionales federales en Georgia y a centros de salud en Massachusetts. Fort Chaffee permaneció abierto hasta febrero de 1982, y cuando finalmente cerró, los últimos 395 refugiados que quedaban fueron enviados a la Penitenciaría Federal de Atlanta y a instalaciones psiquiátricas federales en todo Estados Unidos. En octubre de 1980, después de las consecuencias políticas de la campaña de reelección de Carter en Florida, la Administración Carter revirtió el uso de la categoría de "estatus de ingreso pendiente" a favor de la Enmienda Fascell-Stone a la Ley de Asistencia Educativa para Refugiados de 1980, pero para entonces el daño de la generación de Mariel ya estaba hecho.

The Mariel Exodus Refugee Camp Program transformed the Cuban American community. During their detention, black Cuban migrants were faced with the reality of a new racialized identity in the U. S. which was framed by their criminalization and left them with no cushion against social discrimination during their later resettlement in the Midwest. Through their shared experience at the camps, however, this group forged a collective identity of political exile which emerged in the narrative of the cultural artifacts they produced at the camps, a narrative which also allowed them to mourn the cultural loss created by their abrupt displacement.

El programa de campamentos de refugiados del Mariel transformó a la comunidad cubanoamericana. Durante su detención, los emigrantes cubanos negros y mestizos se enfrentaron a la realidad de una nueva identidad racial en los Estados Unidos, enmarcada por su criminalización, que los dejo sin protección contra la discriminación social durante su posterior reasentamiento en el Midwest. Sin embargo, a través de su experiencia compartida, este grupo forjó una identidad colectiva de exilio político que surgió en la narrativa de los artefactos culturales que produjeron en los campos, una narrativa que también les permitió procesar la pérdida cultural de su abrupto desarraigo.

Today, 44 years after the Mariel exodus and the closing of Fort McCoy, most Cubans living in the La Crosse are stuck in immigration limbo. They are not eligible to apply for Permanent Resident or U.S Citizenship status due to criminal records dating from the 1980’s. They have struggled to integrate into American society, working low-paying jobs. In Wisconsin, they can get a State ID card or a driver’s license but apply for a work permit every two years. Now in their mid-sixties, this refugee population sees their healthcare needs increase but they are denied social and medical benefits like BadgerCare for their immigration status.

Hoy, 44 años después del Mariel y el cierre de Fort McCoy, la mayoría de los Cubanos que viven en La Crosse están atrapados en un limbo migratorio. No se les permite solicitar el estatus de Residente Permanente o la ciudadanía de los Estados Unidos debido a antecedentes penales que datan de 1980. Han luchado para integrarse en la sociedad estadounidense, trabajando en empleos mal pagados. En Wisconsin, pueden obtener una tarjeta de identificación o una licencia de conducir, pero deben solicitar un permiso de trabajo cada dos años. Ahora en sus sesentas, esta población de refugiados ve aumentar sus necesidades de atención médica, pero se les niegan los beneficios sociales y médicos, como BadgerCare, por su estatus migratorio.

The vast majority of Mariel migrants who settled in the U.S have been able to normalize their status, either through the 1966 Cuban Adjustment Act or through the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act. After leaving their camps, however, approximately 2,500 Cubans were convicted of criminal offenses. They have been the long-term victims of the traumatic Cold War scenarios of Mariel. They have been victims of Cuban and Cuban American racism, but even more of the systemic disparities imbedded in the U.S Immigration and U.S Criminal Justice systems. The “entrant” category has remained a critical obstacle in their cases, as even after they have served the disproportionate prison sentences they received during the 1980s, today they must continue their precarious journey through immigration limbo. They are not eligible to apply for Permanent Resident or U.S Citizenship status. This means, above all, that unless they are granted a federal pardon, they will never be able to travel outside the U.S. to visit Cuba again.

La gran mayoría de los migrantes del Mariel que se establecieron en los EE. UU. han podido normalizar su estatus, ya sea a través de la Ley de Ajuste Cubano de 1966 o de la Ley de Reforma y Control de la Inmigración de 1986. Sin embargo, después de abandonar sus campamentos, aproximadamente 2.500 cubanos fueron condenados por delitos penales. Han sido víctimas a largo plazo de los traumáticos escenarios de la Guerra Fría del Mariel. Han sido víctimas del racismo cubano y cubanoamericano, pero aún más de las disparidades sistémicas enraizadas en los sistemas de inmigración y justicia penal de los EE. UU. La categoría de "entrante" ha seguido siendo un obstáculo crítico en sus casos, ya que incluso después de haber cumplido las desproporcionadas sentencias de prisión que recibieron durante la década de 1980, hoy deben continuar su precario viaje a través del limbo migratorio. No son elegibles para solicitar el estatus de residente permanente o ciudadanía estadounidense. Esto significa, sobre todo, que a menos que se les conceda un indulto federal, nunca podrán viajar fuera de los EE. UU. para visitar Cuba nuevamente.

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