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Detention & Uncertainty / Detención e incertidumbre

THE MARIEL BOATLIFT OF 1980 / EL ÉXODO DEL MARIEL DE 1980

In April 1980, popular discontent with Fidel Castro’s regime lead over 10,000 Cubans to occupy the Peruvian Embassy in Havana, demanding asylum in the United States. Bolstered by the pressures of the international scenario (and President Jimmy Carter’ gesture to welcome 3,000 of the Cubans at the embassy as refugees into the U.S,) Castro then announced national television that he would be opening the port of Mariel—located just 20 miles West of Havana—for all Cubans who wished to migrate. Within a matter of hours, the Cuban American community in South Florida had undertaken a massive boatlift. Over 1200 boats sailed in what was known as the “Freedom Flotilla,” which continued until September 26, 1980, and brought a total of 124,769 Cubans to the shores of Florida.

En abril de 1980, el descontento popular con el gobierno de Fidel Castro llevó a más de 10000 cubanos a ocupar la embajada de Perú en La Habana y a exigir asilo político en los Estados Unidos. Motivado por las presiones y críticas del escenario internacional (y por el gesto del presidente Jimmy Carter de recibir en Estados Unidos a 3000 de los cubanos protestando en la embajada), Castro entonces anunció en televisión nacional la apertura del puerto de Mariel (ubicado solo a 30 kilómetros al oeste de La Habana) para todos los cubanos que desearan emigrar. En cuestión de horas, la comunidad cubano-estadounidense en el sur de la Florida había emprendido un enorme traslado vía embarcaciones marítimas. Más de 1200 embarcaciones navegaron en lo que se conoció como la “Flotilla de la Libertad”, que continuó hasta el 26 de septiembre de 1980 y trajo un total de 124769 cubanos a las costas de la Florida.

The Carter Administration declared the situation an emergency on May 6, 1980, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) began to coordinate the federal effort to respond to the crisis. FEMA, however, had been created only a year before, on April 1, 1979, and its personnel had limited experience dealing with a human migration crisis. On July 15, 1980 the Carter administration established the Cuban-Haitian Immigration Task Force (CHITF) which took over the planning and management of a system of processing centers. 

 La administración Carter declaró una situación de emergencia el 6 de mayo de 1980, y la Agencia Federal para el Manejo de Emergencias (FEMA, por sus siglas en inglés) comenzó a coordinar el esfuerzo federal para responder a la crisis. Sin embargo, FEMA se había creado solo un año antes, el 1 de abril de 1979,  y su personal tenía una experiencia muy limitada en el manejo de una crisis de migración humana. El 15 de julio de 1980, la administración Carter estableció el Grupo de Trabajo sobre la Inmigración Cubano-Haitiana (CHITF, por sus siglas en inglés), que se hizo cargo de la planificación y la gestión de un sistema de centros de procesamiento.

The camps for Cuban migrants were opened at four military bases across the U.S: Eglin Air Force Base in Florida, Fort Chaffee in Arkansas, Fort Indiantown Gap in Pennsylvania, and Fort McCoy, here in Wisconsin. These facilities began to house Mariel migrants as early as May 3, 1980 (at Eglin) and at one point in June of 1980, over 62,000 Cubans (almost half of all Mariel migrants) were in these camps waiting to be processed.

Los campamentos para inmigrantes cubanos se abrieron en cuatro bases militares en todo Estados Unidos: la base aérea de Eglin en Florida, Fort Chaffee en Arkansas, Fort Indiantown Gap en Pensilvania y Fort McCoy, aquí en Wisconsin. Estas instalaciones comenzaron a albergar a los migrantes del Mariel ya el 3 de mayo de 1980 (en Eglin) y en un momento dado, en junio de 1980, más de 62.000 cubanos (casi la mitad de todos los inmigrantes del Mariel) se encontraban en estos campamentos esperando ser procesados.

The delayed military detention endured by thousands of Mariel migrants was a pivotal point in the history of the Mariel exodus, particularly in the reconfiguration of the black Cuban American community and beyond the more economically affluent Cuban American enclaves South Florida. The majority of refugees who faced the most difficulties to resettle out of these Mariel camps were lower-class, black, single young men. They were faced with the harsh realities of a new racial and criminal identity within the U.S., an identity which had been framed by the Cuban government and later reinforced by their delayed detention in the militarized context of the camps. Life in these Mariel camps facilities, however, has remained overlooked by the extensive bibliography on the Mariel exodus.

El período de detención militar que soportaron miles de refugiados de Mariel fue un punto crucial en la historia del éxodo del Mariel, en particular en la reconfiguración de la comunidad negra cubanoamericana más allá del sur de Florida, ya que la mayoría de los refugiados que enfrentaron las mayores dificultades para reasentarse fuera de los campamentos eran hombres jóvenes solteros, negros o mestizos, de clase baja. Ellos se enfrentaron a las duras realidades de una nueva identidad racializada dentro de los Estados Unidos, una identidad que se había enmarcado por su detención tardía en el contexto militarizado de los campamentos. Sin embargo, la vida en estas instalaciones sigue siendo ignorada por la bibliografía sobre Mariel.

 

 

The present exhibit traces individual and collective experiences of trauma and racial discrimination within the context of the Mariel refugee camps beyond the Spanish-speaking enclaves of South Florida. We describe some of the ways in which the resettlement of black Mariel refugees in Wisconsin was impacted by the bureaucracy of U.S federal government and U.S immigration authorities. While a myth of deviancy and criminality had been manufactured by Cuban authorities for those leaving via the Mariel port, this narrative was amplified by the militarized nature of the Mariel resettlement camps, and it was widely disseminated by local and national American press. All these factors negatively affected the social and economic development of black Mariel migrants, particularly in predominantly white and racially segregated U.S communities such as La Crosse.

 

WPR-Uprooted_light.png​​​​ Learn more about the political unrest
in Cuba that led to the Mariel Exodus
by listening to Episode 1
of the WPR podcast Uprooted.

La presente exhibición explora experiencias individuales y colectivas de trauma y discriminación racial dentro del contexto de los campos de refugiados de Mariel más allá de los enclaves hispanohablantes del sur de Florida. La exhibición describe además algunas de las formas en que la burocracia del gobierno federal de los Estados Unidos y las autoridades de inmigración de los Estados Unidos afectaron el reasentamiento de los refugiados negros de Mariel en Wisconsin. Si bien las autoridades cubanas habían fabricado un mito de criminalidad para quienes salían por el puerto de Mariel, esta narrativa fue amplificada por la naturaleza militarizada de los campos de reasentamiento de Mariel y ampliamente difundida por la prensa estadounidense local y nacional. Todos estos factores, eventualmente, afectaron negativamente el desarrollo social y económico de los migrantes negros de Mariel, particularmente en comunidades estadounidenses predominantemente blancas y racialmente segregadas como La Crosse.

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Detention & Uncertainty / Detención e incertidumbre

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